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Sunday, July 29, 2007

0.4 Assessing security risks

Security requirements are identified by a methodical assessment of security risks. Expenditure on
controls needs to be balanced against the business harm likely to result from security failures.
The results of the risk assessment will help to guide and determine the appropriate management action
and priorities for managing information security risks, and for implementing controls selected to
protect against these risks.
Risk assessment should be repeated periodically to address any changes that might influence the risk
assessment results.
More information about the assessment of security risks can be found in clause 4.1 “Assessing
security risks”.

0.3 How to establish security requirements

It is essential that an organization identifies its security requirements. There are three main sources of
security requirements.
1. One source is derived from assessing risks to the organization, taking into account the
organization’s overall business strategy and objectives. Through a risk assessment, threats to
assets are identified, vulnerability to and likelihood of occurrence is evaluated and potential
impact is estimated.
2. Another source is the legal, statutory, regulatory, and contractual requirements that an
organization, its trading partners, contractors, and service providers have to satisfy, and their
socio-cultural environment.
3. A further source is the particular set of principles, objectives and business requirements for
information processing that an organization has developed to support its operations.

0.2 Why information security is needed ?

Information and the supporting processes, systems, and networks are important business assets.
Defining, achieving, maintaining, and improving information security may be essential to maintain
competitive edge, cash flow, profitability, legal compliance, and commercial image.
Organizations and their information systems and networks are faced with security threats from a wide
range of sources, including computer-assisted fraud, espionage, sabotage, vandalism, fire or flood.
Causes of damage such as malicious code, computer hacking, and denial of service attacks have
become more common, more ambitious, and increasingly sophisticated.
Information security is important to both public and private sector businesses, and to protect critical
infrastructures. In both sectors, information security will function as an enabler, e.g. to achieve egovernment
or e-business, and to avoid or reduce relevant risks. The interconnection of public and
private networks and the sharing of information resources increase the difficulty of achieving access
control. The trend to distributed computing has also weakened the effectiveness of central, specialist
control.
Many information systems have not been designed to be secure. The security that can be achieved
through technical means is limited, and should be supported by appropriate management and
procedures. Identifying which controls should be in place requires careful planning and attention to
detail. Information security management requires, as a minimum, participation by all employees in the
organization. It may also require participation from shareholders, suppliers, third parties, customers or
other external parties. Specialist advice from outside organizations may also be needed.

0.1 What is information security ?

Information is an asset that, like other important business assets, is essential to an organization’s
business and consequently needs to be suitably protected. This is especially important in the
increasingly interconnected business environment. As a result of this increasing interconnectivity,
information is now exposed to a growing number and a wider variety of threats and vulnerabilities
(see also OECD Guidelines for the Security of Information Systems and Networks).
Information can exist in many forms. It can be printed or written on paper, stored electronically,
transmitted by post or by using electronic means, shown on films, or spoken in conversation.
Whatever form the information takes, or means by which it is shared or stored, it should always be
appropriately protected.
Information security is the protection of information from a wide range of threats in order to ensure
business continuity, minimize business risk, and maximize return on investments and business
opportunities.
Information security is achieved by implementing a suitable set of controls, including policies,
processes, procedures, organizational structures and software and hardware functions. These controls
need to be established, implemented, monitored, reviewed and improved, where necessary, to ensure
that the specific security and business objectives of the organization are met. This should be done in
conjunction with other business management processes.

The ISO Standard ISO/IEC 17799 Table-of-Contents (Cont)

10 Communications and operations management
10.1 Operational procedures and responsibilities
10.1.1 Documented operating procedures
10.1.2 Change management
10.1.3 Segregation of duties
10.1.4 Separation of development, test, and operational facilities
10.2 Third party service delivery management
10.2.1 Service delivery
10.2.2 Monitoring and review of third party services
10.2.3 Managing changes to third party services
10.3 System planning and acceptance
10.3.1 Capacity management
10.3.2 System acceptance
10.4 Protection against malicious and mobile code
10.4.1 Controls against malicious code
10.4.2 Controls against mobile code
10.5 Back-up
10.5.1 Information back-up
10.6 Network security management
10.6.1 Network controls
10.6.2 Security of network services
10.7 Media handling
10.7.1 Management of removable media
10.7.2 Disposal of media
10.7.3 Information handling procedures
10.7.4 Security of system documentation
10.8 Exchange of information
10.8.1 Information exchange policies and procedures
10.8.2 Exchange agreements
10.8.3 Physical media in transit
10.8.4 Electronic messaging
10.8.5 Business information systems
10.9 Electronic commerce services
10.9.1 Electronic commerce
10.9.2 On-Line Transactions
10.9.3 Publicly available information
10.10Monitoring
10.10.1Audit logging
10.10.2Monitoring system use
10.10.3Protection of log information
10.10.4Administrator and operator logs
10.10.5 Fault logging
10.10.6Clock synchronization

11 Access control
11.1 Business requirement for access control
11.1.1 Access control policy
11.2 User access management
11.2.1 User registration
11.2.2 Privilege management
11.2.3 User password management
11.2.4 Review of user access rights
11.3 User responsibilities
11.3.1 Password use
11.3.2 Unattended user equipment
11.3.3 Clear desk and clear screen policy
11.4 Network access control
11.4.1 Policy on use of network services
11.4.2 User authentication for external connections
11.4.3 Equipment identification in networks
11.4.4 Remote diagnostic and configuration port protection
11.4.5 Segregation in networks
11.4.6 Network connection control
11.4.7 Network routing control
11.5 Operating system access control
11.5.1 Secure log-on procedures
11.5.2 User identification and authentication
11.5.3 Password management system
11.5.4 Use of system utilities
11.5.5 Session time-out
11.5.6 Limitation of connection time
11.6 Application and information access control
11.6.1 Information access restriction
11.6.2 Sensitive system isolation
11.7 Mobile computing and teleworking
11.7.1 Mobile computing and communications
11.7.2 Teleworking

12 Information systems acquisition, development and maintenance
12.1 Security requirements of information systems
12.1.1 Security requirements analysis and specification
12.2 Correct processing in applications
12.2.1 Input data validation
12.2.2 Control of internal processing
12.2.3 Message integrity
12.2.4 Output data validation
12.3 Cryptographic controls
12.3.1 Policy on the use of cryptographic controls
12.3.2 Key management
12.4 Security of system files
12.4.1 Control of operational software
12.4.2 Protection of system test data
12.4.3 Access control to program source code
12.5 Security in development and support processes
12.5.1 Change control procedures
12.5.2 Technical review of applications after operating system changes
12.5.3 Restrictions on changes to software packages
12.5.4 Information leakage
12.5.5 Outsourced software development
12.6 Technical Vulnerability Management
12.6.1 Control of technical vulnerabilities

13 Information security incident management
13.1 Reporting information security events and weaknesses
13.1.1 Reporting information security events
13.1.2 Reporting security weaknesses
13.2 Management of information security incidents and improvements
13.2.1 Responsibilities and procedures
13.2.2 Learning from information security incidents
13.2.3 Collection of evidence

14 Business continuity management
14.1 Information security aspects of business continuity management
14.1.1 Including information security in the business continuity management process
14.1.2 Business continuity and risk assessment
14.1.3 Developing and implementing continuity plans including information security
14.1.4 Business continuity planning framework
14.1.5 Testing, maintaining and re-assessing business continuity plans

15 Compliance
15.1 Compliance with legal requirements
15.1.1 Identification of applicable legislation
15.1.2 Intellectual property rights (IPR)
15.1.3 Protection of organizational records
15.1.4 Data protection and privacy of personal information
15.1.5 Prevention of misuse of information processing facilities
15.1.6 Regulation of cryptographic controls
15.2 Compliance with security policies and standards, and technical compliance
15.2.1 Compliance with security policies and standards
15.2.2 Technical compliance checking
15.3 Information systems audit considerations
15.3.1 Information systems audit controls
15.3.2 Protection of information systems audit tools

The ISO Standard ISO/IEC 17799 Table of Contents

0 Introduction
0.1 What is information security ?
0.2 Why information security is needed ?
0.3 How to establish security requirements
0.4 Assessing security risks
0.5 Selecting controls
0.6 Information security starting point
0.7 Critical success factors
0.8 Developing your own guidelines

1 Scope

2 Terms and definitions

2.1 asset
2.2 control
2.3 guideline
2.4 information processing facilities
2.5 information security
2.6 information security event
2.7 information security incident
2.8 policy
2.9 risk
2.10 risk analysis
2.11 risk assessment
2.12 risk evaluation
2.13 risk management
2.14 risk treatment
2.15 third party
2.16 threat
2.17 vulnerability

3 Structure of this standard
3.1 Clauses
3.2 Main security categories
3.2.1 Control
3.2.2 Implementation guidance
3.2.3 Other information

4 Risk assessment and treatment
4.1 Assessing security risks
4.2 Treating security risks

5 Security policy
5.1 Information security policy
5.1.1 Information security policy document
5.1.2 Review of the information security policy

6 Organization of information security
6.1 Internal organization
6.1.1 Management commitment to information security
6.1.2 Information security co-ordination
6.1.3 Allocation of information security responsibilities
6.1.4 Authorization process for information processing facilities
6.1.5 Confidentiality agreements
6.1.6 Contact with authorities
6.1.7 Contact with special interest groups
6.1.8 Independent review of information security
6.2 External parties
6.2.1 Identification of risks related to external parties
6.2.2 Addressing security when dealing with customers
6.2.3 Addressing security in third party agreements

7 Asset management
7.1 Responsibility for assets
7.1.1 Inventory of assets
7.1.2 Ownership of assets
7.1.3 Acceptable use of assets
7.2 Information classification
7.2.1 Classification guidelines
7.2.2 Information labeling and handling

8 Human resources security
8.1 Prior to employment
8.1.1 Roles and responsibilities
8.1.2 Screening
8.1.3 Terms and conditions of employment
8.2 During employment
8.2.1 Management responsibilities
8.2.2 Information security awareness, education, and training
8.2.3 Disciplinary process
8.3 Termination or change of employment
8.3.1 Termination responsibilities
8.3.2 Return of assets
8.3.3 Removal of access rights

9 Physical and environmental security
9.1 Secure areas
9.1.1 Physical security perimeter
9.1.2 Physical entry controls
9.1.3 Securing offices, rooms, and facilities
9.1.4 Protecting against external and environmental threats
9.1.5 Working in secure areas
9.1.6 Public access, delivery, and loading areas
9.2 Equipment security
9.2.1 Equipment siting and protection
9.2.2 Supporting utilities
9.2.3 Cabling security
9.2.4 Equipment maintenance
9.2.5 Security of equipment off-premises
9.2.6 Secure disposal or re-use of equipment
9.2.7 Removal of property

Saturday, July 28, 2007

Information Security Forum

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Information Security Forum (ISF) is an international, independent, not-for-profit organization dedicated to benchmarking and best practices in information security. It was established in 1989 as the European Security Forum but expanded its mission and membership in the 1990s, so that it now includes hundreds of members, including a large number of Fortune 500 companies, from North America, Asia, and other locations around the world. Groups of members are organized as chapters throughout Europe, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and North America. The ISF is headquartered in London, England, but also has staff based in New York City.

The membership of the ISF is international and includes large organizations in transportation, financial services, chemical/pharmaceutical, manufacturing, government, retail, media, telecommunications, energy, transportation, professional services, and other sectors.

In addition to the benchmarking program, the ISF runs regional chapter meetings, topical workshops, a large annual conference (called the "World Congress"), and develops and publishes research reports and tools addressing a wide variety of subjects. Its research agenda is driven entirely by its member organizations, who govern all ISF activities.

Primary deliverables

The ISF delivers and range of content, activities, and tools, which are summarized below.

The ISF is a paid membership organization, although the Standard of Good Practice is available for free. From time to time, the ISF makes other research documents available for free. In the past, the ISF has given away a comprensive checklist on Windows server security and a report entitled The Disappearance of the Network Boundary. Other products and service are included in the membership fee.

The Standard of Good Practice

Main article: Standard of Good Practice

Every two years, the ISF revises and publishes the Standard of Good Practice, a detailed documentation of best practices in information security, based on research and a comprehensive benchmarking program that has captured security behavior and detailed incident data for many years.

Research projects

Based on member input, the ISF selects a number of topics for research in a given year. The research includes interviewing member and non-member organizations and thought leaders, academic researchers, and other key individuals, as well as examining the range of approaches to the issue. The resulting reports typically go into depth describing the issue generally, outlining the key information security issues to be considered, and proposing a process to address the issue, based on best practices.

Methodologies and tools

For broad, fundamental areas, such as information risk assessment, or return-on-investment calculations, the ISF will develop comprehensive methodoligies that formalize the approaches to these issues. Supporting the methodology, the ISF supplies Web-based and spreadsheet-based tools to automate these functions.

Benchmarking program

Formerly called the "Information Security Status Survey," the ISF conducts a biannual benchmarking exercise that comprehensively examines the information-security practices of participants in all the areas addressed by the Standard of Good Practice (although participants need not adhere to the Standard in order to participate in the benchmarking). The results include detailed information on how responses compare (anonymously) to other participants. The results system allows for detailed analysis, factoring in market sector, subject scope, organizational measures (such as number of employees or revenue), and other elements.

Networking

Regional chapter meetings and other activities provide for face-to-face networking among peers in differing organizations. The ISF encourages direct member-to-member contact to address individual member questions and to strengthen relationships. Chapter meetings and other activities are conducted around the world and address local issues and language/cultural dimensions.

World Congress

The ISF's annual global conference is called the "Annual World Congress", and it takes place in a different city each year. In 2007 the conference was held in Washington, DC. The typically 2 1/2 day conference includes plenary sessions by leaders in information security, personal development, practical workshops conducted by member organizations, and a substantial evening social program. The program focuses on information-security practitioners; the participation of vendors is limited to an exhibition area and a few invited speakers.

Web portal (MX)

The ISF's extranet portal, "Member Exchange" (also MX or MX²) allows members to directly access all ISF materials, including member presentations, and also includes messaging forums, contact information, webcasts, and other data for member use.